When you pump massive amounts of money into an economy, as the U.S. Federal Reserve has done with QE1 through QE3, you're supposed to get some measure of inflation.
And yet despite some $2.3 trillion of quantitative easing since 2008, the core inflation rate has actually fallen over the past year from about 2.25% to 1.7% as of May.
It defies both common sense and monetary theory - or at least until you find out where all that QE3 money ended up.
Here's a chart that illustrates the growth in the U.S. money supply, mostly as a result of QE1 through QE3:
Now here's a chart of the amount of excess reserves sitting in private banks. See any similarities?
Note that until the 2008 financial crisis, those bank reserves were close to zero. Now they have swelled to nearly $1.9 trillion, almost all of which is the money produced by QE1 through QE3 and beyond.
In other words, more than 80% of the hundreds of billions of dollars that the Fed created supposedly to stimulate the U.S. economy never made it to the U.S. economy.
This is why some critics have derided QE3 as "pushing on a string."
The big banks are simply sitting on the QE money - not lending it out or using it in any way that would promote economic activity. They're happy to sit on the deposits because the Fed is paying them to do it.
Last year, the Fed paid out about $4 billion in interest to the big banks on their reserves. Bloomberg News has estimated that the annual payments to the banks could soar as high as $77 billion a year by 2015, depending on how much interest rates rise by then.
This chart from Zero Hedge shows the disconnect between how much money the banks have in their reserves and how much they're loaning out. This not only helps explain why there's so little inflation, but also why the U.S. economy continues to struggle.
How Idle QE3 Puts a Lid on the Velocity of Money
Since all that money isn't in the economy, no one can spend it. The spending of money -- and in particular the rate at which money changes hands -- is what creates inflation. Economists call this the "velocity of money."
Adding to the money supply, as the Fed has done with QE3, should greatly increase the velocity of money.
But instead, this happened:
That's the opposite of what should have happened, and it's because all the QE money is sitting quietly in bank vaults - as if it were stored in a garage or an attic. Out of sight. Out of mind.
Well, unless the banks decide to use it. Then things will get dicey.
"You are in uncharted territory in many ways. This is what the ancient mapmakers would call, 'Terra incognita, or 'Land unknown,'" Wall Street veteran trader Art Cashin told King World News recently. Cashin is director of Floor Operations for UBS Financial Services.
Cashin warned that the trillions of dollars of QE3 now idle could touch off an epic bout of inflation.
"The ingredients are set up for spontaneous combustion. It's not there yet," Cashin said. "When people start to lend it and spend it step back, because the Fed may not be able to put that genie back in the bottle."
Cashin said he's specifically watching the Fed's velocity of money figures for any sign that inflation could be stirring, noting that it will start very slowly at first.
"That's what happened in the Weimar Republic," he said. "They printed money, and inflation didn't happen, and it didn't happen, and then it happened suddenly."
Yet another expected side effect of the Fed's QE3- the decline of the dollar against other currencies - also failed to happen. This story explains why the dollar keeps rising - and why it is nevertheless still doomed.
Related Articles and News
- Money Morning:
5 Things the Federal Reserve Hopes You'll Never Find Out
- Money Morning:
Why We Won't See the End of QE for a Very Long Time
About the Author
David Zeiler, Associate Editor for Money Morning at Money Map Press, has been a journalist for more than 35 years, including 18 spent at The Baltimore Sun. He has worked as a writer, editor, and page designer at different times in his career. He's interviewed a number of well-known personalities - ranging from punk rock icon Joey Ramone to Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Wozniak.
Over the course of his journalistic career, Dave has covered many diverse subjects. Since arriving at Money Morning in 2011, he has focused primarily on technology. He's an expert on both Apple and cryptocurrencies. He started writing about Apple for The Sun in the mid-1990s, and had an Apple blog on The Sun's web site from 2007-2009. Dave's been writing about Bitcoin since 2011 - long before most people had even heard of it. He even mined it for a short time.
Dave has a BA in English and Mass Communications from Loyola University Maryland.